Internet

Text-based signaling for creating and managing sessions. Methods (INVITE, ACK, BYE, REGISTER…) and response codes resemble HTTP; SDP bodi…

Textual session description: media lines, codecs (rtpmap/fmtp), ICE candidates, and direction attributes. Carried in SIP, WebRTC, and MGC…

End-to-end media transport for audio/video: sequence numbers, timestamps, SSRC, and payload type. Usually over UDP; profile and format sp…

Ubiquitous LAN frame: 6-byte MACs, 2-byte EtherType, payload, and 32-bit FCS. Preamble/SFD precede the frame on the wire; 802.1Q inserts …

Reliable, ordered byte-stream transport with ports, sequence/ack numbers, windowing, and congestion control. Three-way handshake and four…

Management interface for Ethernet PHYs: MDC clock plus bidirectional MDIO with preamble, start, op, PHYAD, and REGAD fields. Clause 22 ex…

REST-like protocol for constrained devices, typically over UDP, with confirmable/non-confirmable messages, tokens, and resource discovery…

Stream Control Transmission Protocol — a multi-stream, multi-homed transport used heavily by SIGTRAN and some WebRTC data channels. Chunk…

Companion control protocol to RTP providing sender/receiver reports, SDES identity, BYE, and extension feedback. Report intervals scale w…

AAA and policy protocol that succeeds RADIUS in LTE/IMS and many 5G control functions. AVPs, application IDs (Gx, Gy, Cx, S6a, and others…

DNS-based mapping of E.164 telephone numbers to URIs via NAPTR records (often sip: or mailto:). Used in number portability, VoIP peering,…

Session Traversal Utilities for NAT — binding requests discover reflexive addresses and keep NAT mappings alive for ICE. Attributes carry…

Traversal Using Relays around NAT — a STUN extension that allocates relayed transport addresses when direct peer paths fail. Permissions …

Interactive Connectivity Establishment gathers local, reflexive, and relay candidates, then runs STUN checks to pick working media paths.…

Application-defined signaling — often SIP, or JSON over WebSocket — that exchanges SDP offers/answers and ICE candidates for WebRTC peers…

RDMA over TCP/IP using MPA framing with DDP and RDMAP layers. It traverses lossy networks better than RoCE but needs different NIC offloa…

Lossless and ECN tools for datacenter Ethernet: Priority Flow Control pauses individual priorities, while Explicit Congestion Notificatio…

RPC framework on HTTP/2 with protobuf stubs, streaming RPCs, deadlines, and metadata. Widely used as the control plane for ML serving, mi…

Multiplexed binary framing over a single TLS/TCP connection with streams, HPACK headers, and flow-control windows. It underpins gRPC and …

gRPC protocol for bulk Apache Arrow record-batch transfer with DoGet/DoPut and FlightDescriptors. Columnar data moves with minimal copies…

IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN using CSMA/CA with management, control, and data frames plus WPA-family security. PHY generations (n/ac/ax/be) c…

Internet Protocol (IPv4/IPv6) — best-effort packet network layer with addressing, TTL/hop limit, and optional fragmentation. IPv6 adds ex…

User Datagram Protocol — connectionless transport with ports and an optional checksum. It is the basis for DNS, RTP, QUIC, DHCP, and RoCE…

ICMP/ICMPv6 carries control and error messages for IP: echo, unreachable, time exceeded, and (for v6) Neighbor Discovery. Operators filte…

HTTP/1.1 request/response application protocol over TCP (or TLS). Methods, headers, and optional chunked transfer encoding define the mes…

Transport Layer Security provides a record layer and handshake for confidentiality and integrity on TCP apps. Certificates, AEAD ciphers,…

Hierarchical name resolution with UDP/TCP queries and resource records (A/AAAA/CNAME/MX/TXT/…). Caching, EDNS, and DNSSEC affect both per…

Publish/subscribe messaging over TCP with QoS 0/1/2 delivery grades. Topics, retain flags, and last-will messages are core broker feature…

Full-duplex message framing upgraded from HTTP, with opcode, mask bit, and payload-length fields. Browsers use it for signaling and live …

Datagram Transport Layer Security adapts TLS to unreliable transports with retransmission, explicit sequence numbers, and record epochs. …

Protocol Buffers — language-neutral binary serialization with tagged fields and disciplined schema evolution. Default encoding for gRPC r…