Network L3

Transport protocol that segments large diagnostic payloads across CAN frames using Single, First, Consecutive, and Flow Control PCI types…

SS7 Message Signal Units carry user-part payloads over MTP. Level-2 framing wraps length, sequence/ACK bits, and SIO/SIF; Level-3 routing…

RDMA over UDP/IPv4/IPv6 on Ethernet: InfiniBand BTH follows the UDP header (port 4791). Routable across L3 with ECN/PFC/DCQCN for congest…

Lossless switched fabric with its own L2/L3 (LID/GID), subnet manager, and verbs transport (RC/UD/…). Credits, VLs, and partition keys pr…

Heavy-duty CAN application layer used on trucks, buses, and off-highway machines. 29-bit CAN IDs encode priority, PGN, and source address…

ASHRAE building-automation protocol modeling devices as objects with properties and services. Transports include BACnet/IP, MS/TP (RS-485…

Mesh networking on IEEE 802.15.4 with APS endpoints and Zigbee Cluster Library (ZCL) application semantics. Coordinators form networks; r…

IPv6 mesh on IEEE 802.15.4 using 6LoWPAN compression, mesh forwarding, and border routers to upstream Ethernet/Wi-Fi. It often carries Ma…

LPWAN MAC over LoRa chirp spread-spectrum PHY with OTAA/ABP join, session keys, and adaptive data rate. Uplink/downlink windows, duty-cyc…

SS7 network layer providing routing labels (DPC/OPC/SLS), linkset/route management, and discrimination to user parts. It carries ISUP, SC…

SS7 connectionless and connection-oriented transport with global title translation (GTT) for number-based routing. It underpins TCAP and …

SIGTRAN MTP3 user adaptation over SCTP that carries ISUP/SCCP payloads with routing keys for IP-SS7 interconnect. ASPs and SGPs exchange …

DNS-based mapping of E.164 telephone numbers to URIs via NAPTR records (often sip: or mailto:). Used in number portability, VoIP peering,…

RDMA over Converged Ethernet version 1 encapsulates InfiniBand verbs in Ethernet frames without IP/UDP headers. It is an L2-only design l…

RDMA over TCP/IP using MPA framing with DDP and RDMAP layers. It traverses lossy networks better than RoCE but needs different NIC offloa…

Lossless and ECN tools for datacenter Ethernet: Priority Flow Control pauses individual priorities, while Explicit Congestion Notificatio…

Data Center Quantized Congestion Notification — RoCE congestion control that uses ECN marks and Congestion Notification Packets to rate-l…

Scalable Hierarchical Aggregation and Reduction Protocol — Mellanox/NVIDIA in-network aggregation for MPI/NCCL collectives on InfiniBand …

Switch fabric chip that stitches many NVLink ports into all-to-all GPU topologies in DGX/HGX-class systems. Enables full-bandwidth collec…

Internet Protocol (IPv4/IPv6) — best-effort packet network layer with addressing, TTL/hop limit, and optional fragmentation. IPv6 adds ex…

ICMP/ICMPv6 carries control and error messages for IP: echo, unreachable, time exceeded, and (for v6) Neighbor Discovery. Operators filte…